Real Estate Math Practice Exam

Replacement reserves are funds set aside to cover major capital repairs and replacements over the life of a property. This ensures money is available for big-ticket items (like roofs, HVAC systems, and elevators) when they reach end of life, helping maintain the property’s value without hitting operating budgets with sudden, large costs. They aren’t included in NOI because NOI reflects ongoing operating performance and excludes capital expenditures and financing items. So the description that best fits is funds set aside for major capital repairs and replacements and not included in NOI.

Daily operating expenses are part of operating costs and reduce NOI, not the purpose of a reserve. Tenant improvements are capital projects funded separately and not the general replacement reserve. Funds to pay loan principal are debt service, not replacement reserves.